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壹、國際保險業的結構性調整

近年來,世界保險業的經營環境發生了巨大的變化,這種變化突出表現在以下幾個方面:

第壹,經濟全球化帶來了巨大的競爭壓力。在經濟全球化浪潮的推動下,金融領域本已淡漠的業務界限變得更加含糊不清,各國金融機構通過兼並、建立控股公司、附屬公司、組建金融集團、合資等形式經營本領域外的產品已非常普遍。其中最為突出的,是商業銀行運用其龐大的經營網絡優勢,大舉進攻保險領域尤其是壽險領域,搶奪市場份額。

第二,人口老齡化不僅孕育了巨大的潛在保險市場,而且對保險資金的保值增值提出了更高的要求。

第三,科技進步帶來了金融商品的不斷創新。90年代以來,以電子通訊技術、計算機和因特網技術為代表的高新科技的迅猛發展,不僅降低了交易成本,節省了時間,而且擴大了綜合提供各種金融服務的潛在可能性,使金融機構將傳統的本行業金融服務與其他的金融服務結合起來,提供壹攬子服務成為可能,為金融產品創新創造了條件。

第四,自然環境的惡化和巨災風險顯著增加。由於人類活動的過度擴張,對自然資源的掠奪性開發,使人類的生存環境不斷惡化。各種自然災害發生的頻率和嚴重程度不斷上升,水土流失、氣候變暖、地震、洪水、風暴等問題越來越嚴重。

以上述變動為背景,國際保險業加速了結構性調整。

(壹)保險業和其他金融服務業的融合進壹步加速

在金融自由化和金融業日益加劇的競爭壓力下,保險業壹方面通過行業內的兼並收購,擴大生產和經營規模,有效降低和控制生產經營成本,使企業集中優勢。另壹方面通過和其他金融服務業如銀行、資產管理業、證券業的融合,增強競爭實力,對消費者提供包括建立附屬公司,收購和兼並,進行合資經營,組建金融集團,組建持股公司,簽訂聯營協議等在內的綜合性金融服務。。

隨著保險業和其他金融服務業的融合,保險業的服務範圍得到極大的拓展。目前大型保險集團都在朝著“金融超市”方向發展,它們既經營壽險業務,又經營非壽險業務,還可經營再保險業務,同時還能提供資產管理、信用卡、證券承銷、證券經紀等服務。可以說除了存款業務和支付方式的管理外,壽險公司已經涉獵了所有的銀行業務。

值得壹提的是,在保險業和其他金融服務業的融合中,政府對分業經營管制的放松是重要的政策因素。出於維護公***利益、保護消費者,保證充分競爭和確保金融系統的穩定等考慮,傳統金融監管的基本框架是實行銀行、證券和保險業的分業經營和分業監管。然而自70年代開始,上述嚴格分業的金融監管模式出現了松動。近年來隨著事實上各種形式兼業經營的不斷發展,政策層面分業監管的原則正在瓦解,壹些國家的政府已經著手調整監管框架。如日本金融業嚴格分業的原則在新的金融法案中被修改。美國則已經通過新法案明確允許銀行、保險和證券業在彼此的市場上進行競爭。可以肯定,在新的監管框架下,保險業和其他金融服務業融合的步伐將進壹步加快。

(二)保險產品不斷創新,險種結構調整加快

由於金融市場上的金融創新發展迅速,貨幣市場***同基金等新的金融工具以其靈活性和預期高收益吸引了廣大的個人投資者。與新的金融產品相比,缺乏彈性的傳統壽險產品大為遜色。在這種情況下,為了增強與其他金融機構的競爭能力,降低壽險經營的利率風險,壽險公司紛紛著手開發新險種,創造新的保險商品。這類壽險產品創新具有如下特點:壹是增加了壽險產品的彈性。改變了傳統壽險的期限特點,使結束壽險合約更為容易;改變了傳統保費支付的固定、定期的特點,使保費支付更具靈活性。二是新產品突出儲蓄性和盈利性,對壽險投資提出了更高的要求。新產品凸現壽險的儲蓄性,強調壽險保單的儲蓄(金融)因素,使壽險保單更具投資價值。新產品通過更加有效的投資,使壽險保單更具盈利性。三是保險和儲蓄的分離。傳統壽險產品中的儲蓄因素被認為是繳納衡平保費的副產品,儲蓄和保險在壹個保險契約中是不可分開的。而新產品中的儲蓄因素通常被認為是保單更獨立的壹部分,儲蓄收益直接和保費與投資收益相關,投資收益率越高,保費“儲蓄利率”越高。

由於非壽險產品期限較短,不像壽險產品具有儲蓄性,創新受到了客觀限制。非壽險公司之間的競爭主要體現在產品價格和服務品質上,而不是體現在產品差別上。但是隨著巨災風險的增加和隨著科技進步伴隨而來的新風險的出現,仍然有壹些新的保險產品面世,如世界杯足球賽保險、瘋牛病死亡保險、互聯網保險等。

(三)保險組織形式的調整

目前國外保險公司的組織結構調整突出表現在相互保險公司的股份化方面。保險公司股份化的壹個重要動因是借此獲得權益資本與其他的融資渠道,如可轉換公司債、認股權證、優先股等。隨著金融服務業的加速整合,保險公司資本成長和資本投資的需求日益增長。保險公司權益資本增長的主要來源是保留盈余,在保留盈余不夠時,必須從資本市場融入資本,相互公司可以通過舉債取得資金,但要獲得權益資本受到很大的限制。而股份公司擁有所有公開市場的融資選擇,相互公司股份化後到資本市場融資就便利了許多。保險公司非相互化的另壹個重要動因是股份公司結構的彈性優勢。通過采用控股公司的結構,保險公司可以繞過保險管理當局對保險公司經營非保險業務的限制;可以在不降低法定盈余的情況下,進行行業內購並。

(四)保險經營和管理方式的調整

由於高新技術在保險業中的應用,大大提高了保險業的經營管理水平和經營管理效率;同時,對保險市場的結構和傳統的保險經營管理方式造成強烈的沖擊。在保險營銷方面,隨著家庭電腦的普及以及消費者對保險服務效率的重視,電話直銷、網絡銷售等新型營銷方式發展迅速。美國獨立保險人協會在“21世紀的保險動向與預測”調查報告中提及,新技術特別是互聯網將把保險業的經營引向新的具有革命性的發展進程,今後10年內保險企業經營的企業保險31%和個人保險37%的保單銷售將通過互聯網進行。

保險營銷方面另壹個變化就是銀行銷售保險的大量增加。在保險業新的分銷方式中,銀行保險即通過銀行銷售保單的方式在歐美保險業發達國家中非常成功。在法國、西班牙、瑞典等國通過銀行銷售保險實現的保費占壽險市場業務總量的60%,占非壽險市場業務總量的5-10%。保險公司通過和銀行合作利用銀行強大的分銷網絡銷售壹般的保險產品,還可以將保險和銀行貸款捆綁銷售,將保險和信用卡業務捆綁銷售,從而達到壹舉多得的效果。

在保險公司管理方面,高新技術的進步也帶來了很大的變化。計算機網絡為保險公司在全球範圍內進行經營和協作提供了非常便利的條件。1994年,倫敦保險市場開始應用電子分保系統(ESP),大大提高了保險交易的運轉速度。慕尼黑再保險公司率先建立的電腦增值服務網(PINET),促進了全球再保險交易的自動化。在內部管理方面,保險公司壹般都實現了內部管理的計算機化和內部聯系的網絡化。從公司內部各個部門文檔和數據的處理到各個部門之間信息的傳遞,從企業決策到承保、理賠等各個環節,從保險營銷到資金運用中的自動化處理,都離不開計算機系統的應用。可以說,計算機和計算機網絡已經覆蓋了保險公司內部管理的方方面面。

國際保險業經營管理方式的變化,還表現在由於巨災風險增加而帶來的風險管理方式的創新。80年代以來,世界上損失額超過500萬美元的重大災害頻頻發生,對經營財產保險的保險公司造成巨大的損失,巨災風險越來越成為保險業關註的重要問題。在巨災風險不斷增加的情況下,保險公司除了繼續采用增加資本金、增加準備金提取和增加再保險比例等壹般的分散風險手段外,還采用了包括風險證券化、巨災期貨等在內的新型風險管理方式。

二、對發展我國保險業的幾點思考

與發達國家相比,我國保險業尚處於發展初期,上述結構性調整在我國保險業發展中有的剛剛出現,有的還未見端倪。但是隨著我國加入世界貿易組織的日益臨近,我國保險市場開放的步伐將不斷加大,國際保險業的上述調整必將對我國保險業發展構成沖擊,所以,當務之急是加快我國保險業的發展,迎接挑戰。

(壹)放松管制,強化國內市場競爭

從國際保險監管的發展趨勢來看,放松管制已成為主流。放松管制首先表現在保險市場準入條件的放寬;其次表現在保險市場主體經營範圍的放寬,上文談到的保險業和其他金融服務業的融合就反映了這種監管的變化;再次表現在國際保險監管的核心已從全面監管轉為償付能力的監管,多數國家都在逐漸實現保險費率的自由化。這種國際性的放松管制意味著全球保險市場將更加開放,保險市場的壹體化進程將進壹步加快。

放松管制的指導思想是鼓勵和推進競爭。從我國情況來看,由於過去對保險領域管制過嚴,造成保險企業數量過少,經營領域過於狹窄,經營手段欠缺,企業管理水平低下和效率過低。長此以往,我國保險業勢必難以面對對外開放的挑戰。為了提高我國保險業的競爭力,政府有必要放松對市場準入、經營範圍和保險商品的管制,鼓勵保險商品的創新,在保證市場秩序前提下。積極鼓勵和推動保險企業的競爭。

(二)提高保險監管水平,在監管方式方法上盡快與國際慣例接軌

由於我國保險業發展較晚,1995年頒布的《保險法》尚有待完善,相關配套法規尚未完全制定,保監會成立不久,監管經驗不足,保險行業自律正在建立等原因,目前保險監管還處於較低水平。保險監管的主要內容是條款和費率的監管,國際上流行的償付能力監管在我國還基本上是空白。我國加入世界貿易組織已指日可待,兼營壽險、非壽險和其他金融服務業的跨國保險公司的進入將進壹步增加我國保險監管的難度。所以,當前應該盡快加強和完善我國的保險監管體制。首先要建立以償付能力為核心的保險監管機制,建立壹套償付能力的指標體系,對保險公司進行監管;其次要加強對境內外資保險公司的監管,嚴格審批,並通過國際聯合,對其償付能力進行有效的監管。

(三)加快投資業務的發展,努力提高保險投資效率。

受傳統保險思想的影響,我國保險理論和實踐界長期片面註重保險的保障功能,忽視保險的金融功能,造成保險業長期靠保險業務“壹條腿”走路,保險投資發展相當落後。具體表現在保險投資規模小,保險資金運用率低;保險投資結構不合理,保險投資方式受限制;保險投資管理欠科學,投資效率不高;保險投資監管限制太多,缺乏靈活性等幾個方面。我國保險投資目前這種發展狀況非常不適應於國際保險業的發展趨勢。隨著保險業務競爭的加劇,保險邊際利潤已微乎其微,保險投資將成為保險業利潤的主要來源。保險投資又是保險產品創新的基礎。如果沒有投資,開發變額壽險、萬能壽險等新產品根本不可能進行。面對來自投資經驗豐富的跨國保險集團的競爭壓力,必須加快我國保險投資的發展。為此,首先應該盡量拓寬保險投資渠道。在保險公司內控機制基本完善的情況下,逐步放開保險投資方式準入的限制,讓保險公司參與金融市場上所有投資工具。其次在投資監管方面,采取比較靈活富有彈性的監管機制,壹方面為防止保險公司投資過分集中對不同投資方式和單項投資進行比例限制;另壹方面對比例限制保留壹定的彈性,可以規定壹定的自由投資比例,這樣以便於資本充足的保險公司進行更加適合自己的投資組合。再次,保險公司應該加強投資管理,對保險投資進行國際上流行的資產負債管理。

(四)鼓勵兼並重組,支持經營機制完善、經營和管理技術先進的大保險公司、保險集團成長

壹個國家的保險實力、在國際保險市場的競爭能力主要體現在大型保險公司和保險集團的實力上。實力雄厚的保險公司也是抗衡國外跨國保險公司的主要力量。為了培育中國的保險業,有必要通過政策引導,鼓勵保險企業依據市場機制進行兼並重組和完善機制。

(五)加快保險業的創新發展,改善保險產品結構。

創新是保險業的生命之源,沒有創新,保險業的發展將停滯不前。保險業的創新包括組織方式的創新、產品的創新、營銷方式的創新和管理方式的創新等很多方面,而產品的創新又是最主要的。目前我國保險產品雷同,保險機構不合理,市場細分不明顯。營銷方式主要是代理人銷售。經營管理方式是粗放的,低效的。

在保險營銷和管理方面,可以廣泛開展國際上通行的銀行保險,嘗試網上保險,通過互聯網宣傳並銷售保險產品,加強風險管理技術。在產品設計和創新方面,首先要改變目前保險市場細分不明顯的狀況,針對不同的保險對象設計不同的險種,滿足人們多方位、多層次的保險需要。中國巨大的農村老齡人口基本上沒有養老保險,如何開拓廣大的農村市場是急需解決的大問題。要細分保險責任,調整保險費率,降低保險成本。中國目前的汽車保險市場中第三者責任保險,風險責任分級過分簡單,僅僅使用車輛用途和車型這兩個分級變量,而國際上通常采用5-8個分級變量,包括車輛的行駛區域、駕駛員的年齡、性別等多個變量,這樣對不同的變量組合收取不同的費率,既公平,又可以避免逆選擇。其次要開展險種創新,引進西方新型的保險品種,對其進行適合我國特色的改造。在保險組織形式方面,可以嘗試保險合作社等壹些其他的組織形式。

A, the structure of the international insurance industry adjust

In recent years, the management environment of insurance industry in the world huge variety happened, this kind of changes an outstanding performance a few aspects at the following:

A, the structure of the international insurance industry adjust

In recent years, the management environment of insurance industry in the world huge variety happened, this kind of changes an outstanding performance a few aspects at the following:

The first, the economic globalization brought huge competition pressure.Under the push that economic globalization wave tide, financial realm originally already the cool business boundary become more unclear not pure, financing institutions in all countries pass an annex and build up the product which sets up the management skill area of the financial group, joint venture etc. form an outside of the holding company, subsidiary company, set already very widespread.Among them the most outstanding of, is a commercial bank to make use of its huge management network advantage, take the offensive insurance realm distinctly particularly life insurance realm, loot a market quota.

The second, the population advanced age turned to not only conceive a huge latent insurance market, but also protect insurance funds a value to increase in value to put forward a higher request.

The third, science and technology progress brought a financial merchandise continuously creative.Since 90's, the high lately technological fast fierce development taken the electronics communication technique, calculator and Internet technique as to represent, not only lowered bargain cost, saved time, and extend comprehensive provide various finance serve of latent possibility, make the financing institution put together traditional profession industry financial service and other financial service knots, provide a the 攬 sub- service to make possible, was innovation for financial product to create a condition.

The fourth, the depravation of natural environment shows 著 increment with huge disaster risk.Because mankind's activity extends excessively, developing to the depredation of natural resources, making the mankind's existence environment worsen continuously.Various natural disaster takes place of frequency and serious degree rises continuously, the soil erosion, weather becomes warm, the earthquake, flood, storm's etc.'s problem is more and more serious.

Say to change for the background above, the international insurance industry accelerated structure to adjust.

(A)the insurance industry blends further acceleration with other financial servicing businesses

Under the competition pressure that the financial liberalism and the financial industry turn worse increasingly, the insurance industry passes the annex in the profession to procure on the other hand, the extension produces and conducts scale, lowering effectively with the control produce management cost, making the business enterprise concentrated advantage.The fusion passed to manage an industry, stock certificate industry with other financial servicing businesses,such as bank, property, on the other hand, strengthen competition real strenght, provide to include establishment subsidiary company to the consumer, procure with annex, carry on joint venture management, the set sets up financial group, the set sets up holding company, signing joint management agreement etc. at inside of comprehensive sex finance service..

Along with the fusion of the insurance industry and other financial servicing businesses, the service scope of insurance industry gets to expand biggest.Currently large insurance groups all the party in government wear "financial supermarket" direction development, they since conduct life insurance business, conduct non- life insurance business again, can also conduct again insurance business, can also provide the underwriting, stock certificate agent of the property management, credit card, stock certificate etc. the service in the meantime.Can say in addition to depositing business and paying the management of[with] way, the life insurance company has already studied haphazardly all bank business.

Well worth mentioning BE, in the fusion in the insurance industry and other financial servicing businesses, government to divide already a camp to control of relax is an important policy factor.Stable etc. proceeded from supporting a public benefits and protected consumer, promised a full competition and insured financial system consideration, tradition finance take charge of of the basic frame is already the cent which practices bank, stock certificate and insurance industry camp and cent the industry take charge of.However start from 70's, above-mentioned the finance divided an industry strictly took charge of mode to appear loose move.In recent years along with in fact continuously developing of various form concurrent business management, the policy level cent industry takes charge of of the principle is breaking up, some governments of nations have already begun adjustment to take charge of a frame.If the Japanese financial industry divides the principle of industry strictly to be modified in the new financial bill.The American has already approved new bill to allow bank, insurance and stock certificate industry definitely to carry on a competition on the market at each other.Can affirm, Be taking charge of a frame lately under, insurance industry and other financial servicing businesses blend of the step will speed further.

(Two)the insurance product is continuously creative, growing structure adjustment to speed nearly

Because the financial innovation of the financial market develops quickly, the money market mutual fund waits new financial tool with its vivid and expects high income to draw on personal large investor.Compared with the new financial product, the traditional life insurance product which lacks flexibility greatly is inferior to.In this kind of case, for the sake of the competition ability for strengthening and other financing institutions, lower the interest rate risk of[with] life insurance management, the life insurance company begins to develop in succession new insurance grow, create a new insurance merchandise.This life insurance product innovation is had as follows a characteristics:While ising the flexibility which increases a life insurance product.Changed a traditional lifeThe term characteristics of life insurance, make to end life insurance contract more easy;The fixed and periodical characteristics changing a traditional insurance fee to pay, make the insurance fee pay to have vivid more.Two is a new product outstanding save sex and earnings, put forward a higher request to the life insurance investment.The new product is convex now the life insurance save sex, emphasizing the endowment policy save(finance) a factor, making the endowment policy have investment value more.The new product passes a more valid investment, making the endowment policy have earnings more.Three is insurance and save of separation.In the traditional life insurance product of save a factor to be thought to is the by-product which pays the 衡 even insurance fee, save with insurance isn't detachable in an insurance contract.But new product in of save a factor to be usually thought to is a more independent part of the insurance policy, save income directly with insurance fee and investment the income is related, investing rate of return more high, the insurance fee"save interest rate" is more high.

(Four)Insurance management and management way of adjust

Because the high and new technique raised level and management of the management management of insurance industry to manage an efficiency consumedly in the application in the insurance industry;Bring strong impact to structure and traditional management method of the insurance management of insurance market in the meantime.At insurance marketing aspect, along with the value of universality and consumer to insurance service efficiency of family computer, the new marketing method of the telephone direct selling, network

Manage aspect in the insurance company, the high lately technical progress also brought very big variety.The calculator network carried on management to make to provide to make a convenience of very much harmoniously in the global scope for the insurance company of condition.In 1994, insurance market in London beginning applies an electronics to protect system(ESP) for cent, raising the operation speed of the insurance bargain consumedly.Munich again insurance company lead off establishment of the computer increase in value a service net(PINET), promoting world again insurance trade of automation.Manage aspect interiorly, the insurance company carried out the calculator of[with] internal management to turn to turn with the network of[with] internal contact generally and all.Each internal section text file and data handle the information of each section to deliver from the company, making policy to stand as guarantor, manage to compensate etc. each link from the business enterprise, going to automation within funds usage a processing from the insurance marketing, all canning not getting away from the application

Two, to development our country insurance industry of what time thinking

Compared with the flourishing nation, our country the insurance industry is still placed in a development initial stage, above-mentioned structure the adjustment has in the our country the insurance

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